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Reactive Compensation

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What is Reactive Compensation

 

Reactive compensation may be defined as management of reactive power to improve the performance of an AC system. Reactive power is generated by almost every component of power system-generators, transmission lines, transformers, and load. The lower the reactive components, lower is the drop from A to B in the line as shown in figure above.Reactive Compensation is the process of reducing or eliminating reactive power in an AC electrical system. The goal of reactive power compensation is to improve power factor, reduce energy losses, and increase system capacity. Reactive power compensation is achieved by adding capacitive or inductive components to the electrical system, which generates reactive power that cancels out the reactive power in the load.

 

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Benefits of Reactive Compensation

 

Improved power factor
Reactive power compensation improves power factor by reducing the amount of reactive power in the electrical system. A high power factor indicates efficient use of electrical energy, reducing energy costs and increasing system capacity.

 

Reduced energy costs
Reactive power compensation lowers energy costs by improving the power factor, which reduces the amount of reactive power in the electrical system. This results in more efficient use of electrical energy and lower energy costs.

 

Increased system capacity
Reactive power compensation increases system capacity by reducing the amount of reactive power in the electrical system. This allows more electrical loads to be connected to the system, which increases system capacity.

 

Improved voltage regulation
Reactive power compensation improves voltage regulation by reducing voltage drops in the electrical system. This results in a more stable electrical system and better performance of electrical loads.

 

Reactive Power Compensator

 

Types of Reactive Compensation

Centralised compensation
Centralised compensation by means of an automatic capacitor bank with automatic regulation offers the most simple and economical solution.The reactive power is subdivided in a number of capacitor steps that can be connected independently. A reactive power controller continuously measures the needs of the installation and connects or disconnects the capacitors until the target power factor is achieved.The advantage of this system is that the total capacitor power is smaller than the sum needed for individual compensation. Therefore this system is a good economical solution.

 

Group compensation
Several inductive loads can be grouped together and equipped with a common capacitor bank. This system usually applies for users that have their own installations with distribution transformers and high voltage power lines/cables.The reactive power that is consumed by the transformers is compensated by the permanently connected capacitors to the secondary side of the transformers.

 

Individual compensation
This type of compensation is applied to motors, transformers, and in general to loads with a high time of operation.Capacitors are directly connected in parallel to the terminals of the loads.This system minimizes the reactive current circulating through the installation, enabling the use of smaller switchgear and power lines or cables, which means a lower capital expenditure for new installations.In the case of existing installations, utilising capacitors for power factor correction will increase the maximum apparent power that can be supplied to the installation. However great care must be taken in selecting the size of capacitor because of the risk of self excitation of the electric motor.

 

Characteristics of Reactive Power Compensation

 

● Adopting reactive power compensation technology to improve the power factor of low-voltage power grid and electrical equipment is an important measure for power saving.

 

● Reactive power compensation is to provide necessary reactive power with the help of reactive power compensation equipment to improve the power factor of the system, reduce energy consumption, improve the voltage quality of the power grid, and stabilize equipment operation.

 

● Reduce power loss. Generally, the power wiring of the factory is subject to power loss according to different lines and load conditions; About 20% - 30%. After using capacitors to improve the power factor, the total electric wave will be reduced, which can reduce the power loss of the supply current and the power terminal.

 

● Improve the power supply quality, improve the power factor, reduce the total load current and voltage drop, and install capacitors on the secondary side of the transformer to improve the power factor and increase the secondary side voltage.

 

● The service life of the equipment is extended. After the power factor is improved, the total current of the line is reduced, so that the capacity load of the transformer, switch and other machinery equipment and the line that are close to saturation is reduced. Therefore, the temperature rise can be reduced and the service life can be increased (the service life can be extended by one time for every 10 ℃ temperature reduction).

 

● Finally, it can meet the monitoring requirements of power system for reactive power compensation, and eliminate the fines caused by low power factor.

 

 

Methods for Reactive Compensation of Transmission Lines

Series capacitors
Inserted between segments of line to make series circuit. This alters line impedance to counteract effect of line parameters to offer continuous correction irrespective of line current.

 

Shunt reactors
In the event of light load or no load, capacitive reactance of line causes load side voltage to be much higher than sending end voltage, i.e. voltage actually rises along the line. To compensate this effect, inductors are added across the line as an inductive load. This counters the capacitive effect, and keeps end voltage under control.

 

Synchronous compensators /synchronous condenser
A synchronous motor running without a mechanical load can absorb or generate reactive power by controlling its excitation. An automatic voltage regulator can make the motor over- or under-excited depending on load current.

 

Static VAR compensators
Capacitors and reactors can be made to switch on or off using thyristors through electronic circuits. These can be made to compensate for load power factor, or support the transmission line voltage.

SVC Reactive Power Compensation

 

How to Choose Reactive Compensation

 

Functional characteristics
Accurate reactance rate matching;Reactance capacitors are designed for harmonics to adapt to more complex operating conditions;Design based on actual compensation capacity, with high capacitance withstand voltage;Capacitors have self-healing function, high reliability, and low switching inrush current;The reactor comes with temperature protection terminals, with complete protection functions;The reactor adopts vacuum dipping and hot curing, which has high stability and is safe and noiseless.

 

Installation instructions
When switching the contactor, the temperature protection terminal (normally closed) on the reactor is connected in series to the contactor control coil.When switching to a thyristor or composite switch, the temperature protection terminal on the reactor is connected in series in the common terminal circuit of the composite switch or switching switch.The product should have good ventilation and heat dissipation conditions during operation. It is recommended to place the reactance above the capacitor during installation to facilitate heat dissipation.

 

 
Concerns of Reactive Power Compensation Scheme Configuration
 
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Relationship with User System CapacityIncreasing system capacity necessitates heightened reactive power support; larger loads require more reactive power management. Consequently, a well-designed reactive power compensation scheme scales with the system size while using capacitor banks and synchronous condensers for management.

02/

Relationship with the Quantity of Transformer ContainersHigher numbers of transformer containers imply greater complexity in reactive power flows. It demands refined coordination. Additionally, it requires unconventional compensation controllers that adjust to erratic transformer loads for efficient reactive power distribution.
Design Considerations for New Systems with Reactive Power

03/

CompensationIntegrating adaptive compensation technologies, including STATCOM or SVC, early for new systems can proactively address reactive power imbalances. Also, initial designs should consider future scalability for surplus compensation units as load demands change.

04/

Design Considerations for Maintenance and ReplacementSystematic maintenance of compensation equipment, including capacitor banks and reactors, thwarts system inefficiencies or failures. Likewise, when replacing components, evaluate newer technologies such as solid-state capacitors or digital compensation controllers.

 

Reactive Power Compensation Study & Planning

 

Current practices of capacitor installation
Before proceeding to the RPC study and discussing its results, it is important to understand what are current practices how these are deviating from engineering best-practices.

 

Optimum size and site selection
Optimum size and site selection is of vital importance in smooth operation of power system and falling which will have following problems: Under-estimating the reactive power need of the whole network or a part of it and localized availability may cause poor voltage profile of the entire network.Over-estimation, may cause over voltage issues at specific portion of network and also results in over-investment in the network.Both scenarios are undesirable and a way should be sought to avoid them altogether.

 

Voltage change criteria & violations
One of the key factors that determine the bank size for shunt capacitors, being installed within a network, is the Voltage Change Criteria or voltage change at fundamental frequency. Assuming an infinite source at the primary side of a distribution transformer, an estimate of the voltage rise can be calculated by the following formula:It is desirable to keep this step voltage change (ΔV) below 3% and the acceptable criteria is to keep it below 5%.

 

Inrush current issues and remedial measures
Switching transients are one of the major causes of excessive stresses on the power system equipment, switching apparatus and also create power quality issues along with mal-operation of protective relays.When uncontrolled switching operations are performed on the energy storage elements then the system will face considerable voltage waveform distortions and excessive inrush currents. Large and high frequency inrush currents can damage the power system equipment including capacitors.

 

Our Factory

 

Zhejiang Nengrong Electric Power Equipment Co.,Ltd. was established in 2007 (formerly known as Yueqing Zhongrong Power Compensation Equipment Co., Ltd.). It is a high-tech enterprise that provides power system power quality monitoring and control, reactive power compensation, harmonic control, and power safety protection equipment as its core business. Since its establishment, we have always adhered to the concept of "energy conservation creates value, protection builds harmony" and are committed to providing high-quality products and comprehensive solutions for users in various fields to improve power quality, optimize control, save energy and reduce consumption, and protect power grid safety.

 

 
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FAQ
 

 

Q: How do you compensate for reactive power?

A: Depending upon the application, reactive compensation can be achieved passively with capacitors and reactors or actively with power electronic solutions such as STATCOMS and Static VAr Generators (SVG's).Reactive power flow, however, has a number of undesirable consequences. It increases the drawn current for the same load level, which in turn increases the losses, maintenance and cost of the power system operation. Moreover, it reduces the power stability margin.

Q: What is the reactive current compensation?

A: Reactive Current Compensation effectively inserts a calculated impedance between the two machines, and reduces voltage sensitivity by a term proportional to generator reactive power / current. Reactive Current Compensation is typically set to –5% on the generator base.

Q: What is the conclusion of reactive power compensation?

A: Conclusion. Reactive power compensation controllers are pivotal for maintaining voltage stability and power quality in electrical systems.It can be capacitive (leading) or inductive (lagging) reactive power, although in most cases compensation is capacitive. The most common form of leading reactive power compensation is by connecting shunt capacitors to the line.

Q: What is the formula for reactive power compensation?

A: The problem formulated is stated as Reactive Power Compensation in a AC distribution network by calculating capacitance of capacitor banks used by using C= Q/2πfV² and finding the value of active and reactive power using P = VIcosθ , Q = VIsinθ, where, cosθ is the power factor.

Q: Why do we need to compensate reactive power?

A: Since the power is carried through physical transmission lines, it causes loading on the lines. For this reason, if the reactive power exceeds a certain limit based on the active power used by the consumer, the national resources wasted are compensated by the consumer as a penalty.The active power, (P), is the power capable of doing useful work, that is to say a good power. The reactive (Q) does not produce useful work, but generates electric and magnetic fields which can be harmful.

Q: How to compensate for reactive power using shunt compensation elements?

A: To compensate it, a shunt capacitor is connected, which draws current leading to the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor. Shunt inductive compensation. This method is used either when charging the transmission line or when there is very low load at the receiving end.

Q: How do you explain reactive power?

A: Reactive Power
It is the power that flows back into the source from the inductors and capacitors. It is this opposing power that affects the power factor of a circuit. In a circuit with reactive components, the voltage and current are out of phase. For inductive circuits, the current lags the voltage (see Figure 2).

Q: What is an example of a reactive power?

A: Examples of electrical devices that generate some reactive power are microwaves, washing machines, fans, and air conditioners. Apparent Power is the hypotenuse of real and reactive power (see figure below). It is denoted with an 'S'.A transmission network reactive power can be compensated using Static Synchronous Compensator. It also helps in preventing fluctuations in the transmission system like sudden voltage increase (voltage sag), sudden voltage decrease (voltage sag), transients etc.

Q: What is dynamic reactive power compensation?

A: Dynamic reactive compensation using Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) in power systems allows for regulation of the voltage within limits defined by the grid operator. Optimization algorithms that solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem can be used to determine the operating range of a FACTS device.

Q: What is voltage control through reactive power compensation?

A: Reactive power compensation is the most effective way to improve both power transfer capability and voltage stability in an electric system. The control of voltage levels is accomplished by managing the generation or consumption of reac- tive power in the electric system.

Q: What is the advantage and disadvantage of reactive power?

A: While reducing reactive power to help improve the power factor and system efficiency is a good thing, one of the disadvantages of reactive power is that a sufficient quantity of it is required to control the voltage and overcome the losses in a transmission network.Reactive power compensation reduces financial charges on electrical consumption. The use of passive compensators is sufficient in most industrial consumers to reduce reactive power. Compensation of reactive power consumption reduces line losses and increases conductor capacity.

Q: Why is reactive power called Useless?

A: It is also known as useless power, as it does nothing in a circuit. Reactive power is only observed in AC circuits and not in the DC circuit, because in DC circuits, the imaginary circuit elements (capacitor and inductor) do not have any significance.

Q: How important is reactive power?

A: Reactive Power is necessary to regulate AC voltage and supply inductive and capacitive loads. It is measured in volt-amps reactive (VAR). Apparent Power, measured in volt-amps (VA), is the total amount of power a generator must produce to provide both Real and Reactive power.

Q: What equipment is used for reactive power compensation?

A: Reactive power compensation is a means for achieving the goal of a reliable electrical power system. This paper made a comparative review of reactive power compensation technologies; the devices reviewed include Synchronous Condenser, Static Var Compensator(SVC) and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM).

Q: What are the conventional reactive power compensators?

A: The Thyristor-Controlled Transformer (TCT) The Fixed-Capacitor-Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (FC-TCR) The Mechanically Switched Capacitor-Thyristor-Controlled Reactor (MSC-TCR) The Thyristor-Switched Capacitor (TSC)Just to simplify the confusion you are facing.. In case of inductive equipment such as motors, the current lags the voltage and we say that motors absorb reactive power. In case of capacitors, the current through capacitor leads the voltage across the capacitor and we say capacitor delivers reactive power.

Q: Why do we need shunt compensation?

A: Shunt compensation is applied by using shunt capacitors and shunt reactors that are permanently connected to the network or switched on and off according to operating conditions. Shunt capacitors help increase the system load ability and reduce the voltage drop in the line by improving the power factor.

Q: What is the difference between shunt and series compensation?

A: Series compensation modifies the reactance parameter of the transmission or distribution system, while shunt compensation changes the equivalent load impedance. In both cases, the line reactive power can be effectively controlled thereby improving the performance of the overall electric power system.

Q: What are the problems with reactive power?

A: Voltage drops: Reactive power causes voltage drops in electrical systems. This can lead to decreased efficiency and reliability of the electrical devices that are connected to the system. Overheating: Reactive power can cause electrical devices to overheat, which can lead to damage and reduced lifespan of the devices.

Q: Why reactive power is not used?

A: It causes an unwanted current on the transmission line. Consequently, reactive power causes losses on AC transmission lines. By the way, there is reactive power when the angle between voltage and current is pi/2. It means peak current when voltage is zero and no current when voltage is on its negative or positive peak.

Q: How does capacitor compensate reactive power?

A: The current flowing through capacitors is leading the voltage by 90°. The corresponding current vector is then in opposition to the current vector of inductive loads. This why capacitors are commonly used in the electrical systems, in order to compensate the reactive power absorbed by inductive loads such as motors.

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